First came the bullets, then came the bots. In the wake of India’s April 22 terror attack in Pahalgam and the retaliatory military strikes under Operation Sindoor, cyberspace lit up with another warfront: a coordinated digital assault launched by hacktivist groups across the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and beyond.
According to a detailed cybercrime advisory from Cyble, more than 40 ideologically motivated hacktivist groups attempted to disrupt Indian institutions in a two-week blitz of website defacements, DDoS attacks, and digital propaganda.
This is no longer the age of lone-wolf hackers. What we’re seeing is full-scale, crowdsourced cyber activity driven by ideology, symbolism, and geopolitical flashpoints—but with limited operational damage.
From Hashtag to Hybrid War
The campaign, dubbed #OpIndia, began within 48 hours of the Pahalgam terror attack. But things truly escalated following India’s May 7 retaliatory strikes, which were promptly followed by an online response from groups like Keymous+, AnonSec, and the Electronic Army Special Forces. These actors weren’t just aiming for disruption—they were syncing cyberattacks with military events, weaponizing the headlines in real-time.
The playbook? Predictable but designed for attention:
- DDoS attacks briefly knock government portals and law enforcement sites offline.
- Website defacements to seed anti-India messaging and propaganda.
- Alleged data breaches suggest deeper access (though few were verified).
Despite the high volume, most of the attacks were low-impact, with no evidence of long-term system compromise or critical infrastructure failures.
Who’s Firing the Payloads?
The digital offensive involved over 40 hacktivist groups, some new, some known:
- Keymous+ led high-visibility DDoS campaigns on healthcare infrastructure like AIIMS and Safdarjung Hospital.
- AnonSec targeted symbolic assets, including the Prime Minister’s Office and National Judicial Data Grid.
- Nation of Saviors launched repeated DDoS waves, attempting to disrupt systems like the CBI and the Indian Air Force.
While technically basic, these operations showed notable coordination in timing and messaging. Many used social media to announce targets, circulate screenshots, and amplify perceived impact, turning what were often symbolic acts into viral propaganda.
Also read: At a Time of Indo-Pak Conflict, Why a Digital Blackout Matters—and How to Do It
What Got Targeted
The attacks followed a clear strategy: target visibility, not vulnerability. According to Cyble, government and law enforcement portals accounted for 36% of the incidents, but other sectors were also targeted:
- Education and BFSI: Public-facing portals of universities and banks were picked for their reach.
- Healthcare: Systems were subjected to DDoS floods, but there was no indication of patient data breaches.
- IT and Professional Services: Hit for their symbolic value rather than operational control.
Geographically, the focus was on Delhi, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and border states like Punjab and Rajasthan—aligning with India’s most visible digital infrastructure.
The Tactics: Volume Over Sophistication
Most attacks relied on volume and visibility:
- Over 50% were DDoS attacks, aimed at short-term availability disruption.
- Around 36% were website defacements, intended more for propaganda than damage.
- Less than 10% involved unverified data breach claims, mostly opportunistic.
Only 3% of incidents involved unauthorized access, and even those lacked depth or persistence.
In essence, the campaign was crafted more for social and psychological effect than technical consequence.
What It Signals for the Future
#OpIndia reflects a shift in how hacktivists operate:
- Cyber events now mirror military timelines
- Symbolic attacks are engineered for maximum online impact
- Low-skill tools are being used for coordinated narrative shaping
These are not state-sponsored operations with advanced exploits. They’re decentralized, ideologically motivated groups using basic methods to amplify conflict-driven messaging.
Final Byte
India’s cyber defenders managed to contain the fallout of a large-scale, coordinated hacktivist campaign, demonstrating the resilience of its digital infrastructure. Despite the volume of attacks,the actual impact was minimal. What mattered most was perception.
Cyble’s report underscores that while the threat of cyber-enabled propaganda is real, India’s core systems remain intact. For future conflict scenarios, it’s the psychological and narrative fronts that may require as much attention as technical defenses.
Operation Sindoor may have ended in the air. But its digital aftershocks were largely absorbed, with more noise than damage.
